Subsurface voids pose significant challenges to geotechnical stability. Accurately identifying these voids is essential for ensuring the soundness of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole analysis, can be laborious and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground penetrating ra
Cavity characterization plays a crucial role in geotechnical design processes. A thorough understanding of cavity dimensions and characteristics is essential for effectively assessing the potential impact on structures . Geotechnical engineers utilize various techniques to characterize cavities, including exploratory drilling . These methods yield
Geophysical exploration plays a crucial role in the identification and evaluation of potential mineral deposits. By employing various physical methods, geologists can penetrate beneath the Earth's surface to identify subsurface structures and indicators indicative of mineral presence. These geophysical techniques often involve the observation of p